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1.
The influence of sampling scheme and interpolation method on the power to detect spatial effects of forest birds in Ontario (Canada) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Spatial ecology is becoming an increasingly important component of resource management, and the general monitoring of how
human activities affect the distribution and abundance of wildlife. Yet most work on the reliability of sampling strategies
is based on a non-spatial analysis of variance paradigm, and little work has been done assessing the power of alternative
spatial methods for creating reliable maps of animal abundance. Such a map forms a critical response variable for multiple
scale studies relating landscape structure to biotic function. The power to reconstruct patterns of distribution and abundance
is influenced by sample placement strategy and density, the nature of spatial auto-correlation among points, and by the technique
used to extrapolate points into an animal abundance map. Faced with uncertainty concerning the influence of these factors,
we chose to first synthesize a model reference system of known properties and then evaluate the relative performance of alternative
sampling and mapping procedures using it. We used published habitat associations of tree nesting boreal neo-tropical birds,
a classified habitat map from the Manitou Lakes area of northwestern Ontario, and point count means and variances determined
from field studies in boreal Canada to create 4 simulated models of avian abundance to function as reference maps. Four point
sampling strategies were evaluated by 4 spatial mapping methods. We found mixed-cluster sampling to be an effective point
sampling strategy, particularly when high habitat fragmentation was avoided by restricting samples to habitat patches >10
ha in size. We also found that of the 4 mapping methods, only stratified ordinary point kriging (OPK) was able to generate
maps that reproduced an embedded landscape-scale spatial effect that reduced nesting bird abundance in areas of higher forest
age-class fragmentation. Global OPK was effective only for detecting broader, regional-scale differences.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
清代书院课艺总集多为连续出版物,或具有连续出版物的刊行初衷。刊期短则一季,多则一年或数年。经费充足与否,会影响刊期。发表周期多为一年至五年,也有十余年的。用稿率以10%~20%居多,偶见“关系稿”。时文的用稿标准是“清真雅正”。题目多为官师所拟。一般全文刊登,也偶有“论点摘编”。多经润色,并附录评点。有的以袖珍本刊行,有的宣称“翻刻必究”,标出定价,附载广告。稿费已在膏火费中预支,优秀作品可被转载。从本质属性和诸多要素来看,书院课艺总集实开今日“大学学报”、“学术集刊”之先河。 相似文献
3.
Nabity MB Boggess MM Kashtan CE Lees GE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2007,21(3):425-430
BACKGROUND: Interpretation of serial urine protein:creatinine (UPC) values is confounded by a lack of data regarding random biologic variation of UPC values in dogs with stable glomerular proteinuria. HYPOTHESIS: That there is minimal day-to-day variability in the UPC of dogs with unchanging proteinuria and the number of measurements needed to reliably estimate UPC varies with the magnitude of proteinuria. ANIMALS: Forty-eight heterozygous (carrier) female dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN) causing stable proteinuria. METHODS: Urine samples were obtained daily by cystocentesis for 3 consecutive days on 183 occasions (549 samples). The UPC was measured for each sample with a single dry-film chemistry auto-analyzer. Data were analyzed retrospectively by a power of the mean model because the variance of UPC values within the 3-day evaluation periods increased as the magnitude of proteinuria increased. RESULTS: To demonstrate a significant difference (P < .05) between serial values in these proteinuric dogs, the UPC must change by at least 35% at high UPC values (near 12) and 80% at low UPC values (near 0.5). One measurement is adequate to reliably estimate the UPC when UPC <4, but 2-5 determinations are necessary at higher UPC values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: These guidelines for interpretation of serial UPC values in female dogs with XLHN may also be helpful for interpretation of UPC values in dogs with other glomerulopathies. 相似文献
4.
本文对滚压刀具的结构形式和配置进行了讨论,设计了用于曲轴滚压加工的专用滚压头,对滚压加工过程中的功率消耗、滚压加工时曲轴的轴向变形量进行了计算,可为研制国产化的曲轴滚压专用设备提供帮助。 相似文献
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功率因数是供电系统的一项重要技术经济指标,用电设备在消耗有用功率的同时,还有大量的无用功率由电源送往负荷,功率因素反映的是用电设备在消耗一定的有功功率的同时所需要的无功功率。 相似文献
8.
阐述了功率分流式自动变速器中电机控制式无级变速单元的速比控制原理。通过对速比控制电机目标角位移、角位移滑模变结构控制器的建模,来确定整个控制器的设计参数。在对角位移目标轨迹跟踪的仿真中,控制器能够较好地实现在有外在负载干扰下对角位移目标轨迹的跟踪。 相似文献
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10.
EGR降低S195型柴油机排放的试验研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
介绍了排气再循环(EGR)降低S195型柴油机排放的试验及其研究结果。比较了排气再循环率不同评价指标的特点,提出了一种实用、方便测量排气再循环量指标的方法,分析了EGR对柴油机燃烧过程、柴油机动力性、经济性和排放指标的影响。单缸柴油机循环波动影响分析为今后的实际应用提供了依据。 相似文献